Small Urban Green Spaces: Insights into Perception, Preference, and Psychological Well-being in a Densely Populated Areas of Tehran, Iran

In metropolitan areas worldwide, abandoned properties are prevalent, prompting a need for small urban green spaces(SUGS) to meet the growing demand. Understanding residents’ preferences and perceptions of transformed spaces is vital for effectiveurban design. This study delves into residents’ preferences and perceptions regarding the transformation of such spaces into SUGS andtheir impact on psychological well-being. By examining how these preferences and perceived health benefits shape the value of trans-formed spaces, the research aims to inform effective urban design strategies. The participants underwent visual stimulation, with psycho-logical reactions recorded through Electroencephalogram (EEG) readings and assessed via Questionnaire. Machine learning techniquesanalyzed EEG sub-band data, achieving an average accuracy of 92.8% when comparing leftover and designed spaces.

Results revealedthat different types of transformed spaces provoke distinct physiological and preference responses. Specifically, viewing SUGS was asso-ciated with significant changes in gamma wave power, suggesting a correlation between enhanced gamma activity and increased feelingsof empathy. Moreover, participants also reported enhanced comfort, relaxation, and overall mood, and a strong preference for SUGS overuntransformed spaces, emphasizing the value placed on these areas for their health benefits. This research highlights the positive impactof even SUGS on mental health, using EEG data to assess emotional states triggered by urban spaces. The study concludes with a callfor further research to investigate the long-term benefits of SUGS on well-being, alongside an exploration of the gamma band as a neuralmarker for emotional restoration in urban green spaces. This research highlights the crucial role of urban design in fostering psychologi-cal well-being through the strategic development of green spaces, suggesting a paradigm shift toward more inclusive, health-promotingurban environments.

Keywords: Leftover space, health, perception, brain activity, emotion